End-station 2 is situated at the secondary focus spot created by a set of Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors on the experimental table. The X-ray focus spot can be adjusted between 5 × 5 um to ~ 15 × 15 um (source size limited). The primary purpose of end-station 2 is to perform X-ray powder diffraction on samples under non-ambient condition. The end-station currently focuses on 2 main techniques:
(1) The first one is in-situ high-pressure diffraction on samples in diamond anvil cells (DACs) in axial or radial geometry. Both geometries can be combined with double-sided in-situ laser heating. Two 100 W SPI fiber lasers serve as the source. The optical path for laser delivery, signal extraction as well as visual viewing is mounted on a 1 × 1 m breadboard assuring short mechanical lever arms and thus low susceptibility to vibration. Pyrometric temperature measurement is based on peak-scaling temperature mapping as introduced by Kavner and co-workers (Rainey and Kavner, 2014). More details on the 12.2.2 laser heating system can be found in paper Kunz et al. 2018 .
(2) The second set of experiments combines ambient-pressure X-ray powder diffraction with high temperature and controlled atmospheric composition. With an Approved Program (AP) collaboration with the Gurlo research group (TU Berlin), we developed a lamp heater interfaced with a gas flow mixer which allows to combine X-ray powder diffraction (at ambient pressure) with high temperature and controlled atmosphere. This answers a growing demand from the catalysis and energy research community to monitor solid gas reactions in-situ as a function of temperature and atmospheric composition. More details on this capability can be found in Doran et al. 2016 and Schlicker et al. 2018.
The end station can also collect single crystal diffraction data sets by means of a single rotation axis.
As detectors this end-station currently employs a Mar345 image plate reader (cycle-time ca 90 secs) as well as a Dectris Pilatus3 S 1M Hybrid Photon Counting detector.
